El artículo pretende evidenciar la dimensión política –en un sentido amplio– de la confesión y la inquisición en su emergencia como procedimientos para sentenciar el pecado oculto. Lo hace al insertar ambos en las formas duales, pastorales y jurídicas, que desarrolla el gobierno eclesiástico plenomedieval para la condena de la inobediencia a la nueva ortodoxia y ortopraxis romana. A este respecto, los dispositivos confesional e inquisitorial se comprenden en relación con la emergencia de lo herético como impugnación obstinada al gobierno (...) romano –en la tensión entre el gobierno de sí y de los otros–. (shrink)

Este artículo examina cuestiones y desarrollos de la Crítica de la Economía Política de Marx que permiten abordar las relaciones de género en el capitalismo. Para ello, se analizan la especificidad de la dominación capitalista, los límites de la crítica de Marx para abordar cuestiones de género y su potencial desarrollo a partir de la relación entre la reproducción de la fuerza de trabajo y de la totalidad social. Siguiendo esta línea, se exponen críticamente los desarrollos de la crítica de (...) Marx que han llevado a cabo el colectivo Endnotes y R. Scholz para analizar la relación interna entre género y capital. Estas propuestas plantean la existencia de un otro del valor vinculado material y simbólicamente a las categorías «mujer» y «feminidad». Se trata, en última instancia, de pensar la especificidad de la opresión de género en el capitalismo y la forma que adopta en la actualidad. (shrink)

El artículo expone las consideraciones de Adorno y Horkheimer sobre la familia burguesa y su crisis en el capitalismo avanzado en relación con la existencia de tendencias autoritarias en las sociedades occidentales. La familia burguesa contenía una tensión dialéctica como instancia de mediación entre el individuo y la totalidad social: al mismo tiempo que facilitaba la interiorización de la dominación social, contenía elementos contrarios a la racionalidad instrumental que posibilitan la individualidad. Las condiciones del capitalismo avanzado quiebran las bases de (...) esta tensión, basada en la combinación de la autoridad patriarcal con el amor materno, reforzando el proceso de debilitación del yo y el auge de disposiciones autoritarias. 207-239. (shrink)

This paper confronts the medieval Church with Foucault´s conceptualization of Christendom in his writing on governmentality. In order to do so, this paper analyzes the formation of an ecclesiastical dual rule –jurisdiccional and pastoral– from the perspective of a genealogy of western political forms. For this purpose, a critical dialogue is stablished with Foucault’s analytics of pastoral power and of the subjectivation technologies involved in it. While the transformations supported by the pontifical power gave rise to the first western juridical (...) system, the ecclesiastical institution implemented services of c ura animarum throughout Christianity. Further, this salvation economy leaned on an unprecedented legal rule that turned pastoral power into a twofold rule, both sovereign and governmental. This paper argues that such an interpretation expounds the problems of the dichotomy government/sovereignity, on which Foucault founds his analytics of pastoral power and his genealogy of governmentality. (shrink)

¿Cuáles son los márgenes de la cultura en la contemporaneidad? ¿Cómo se puede resistir desde estos? ¿Quiénes lo hacen o pueden hacerlo? Por supuesto, es imposible responder estas preguntas en esta corta presentación, tal vez sean imposibles de responder sin importar la extensión del texto que las analice. No obstante, nos parece necesario presentarlas para situarlas en un contexto que nos permita problematizar este dossier. Zygmunt Bauman4 planteó que tres campos de conocimiento: la filosofía de la historia, la antropología filosófica (...) y la estética, y un concepto: la cultura, emergieron en el siglo XVIII con el propósito de explicar la crisis de una forma de comprender y estar en el mundo, que se había pensado y vivido como natural y que parecía mutar en un orden radicalmente humano y, por ende, endeble, arbitrario y cambiante. (shrink)

This article presents an approach to the way in which Bolívar Echeverría, based on his reformulation of Marxist criticism, attempts to locate in the truncated configurations of Latin American modernity potentials for resisting the universal expansion of the value form. Drawing on his distinction between modernity and capitalism, as well as his interpretation of the fundamental tension between natural form and value form, the article exposes Exheverría’s historical analysis of the triumph of the realist ethos over the baroque ethos of (...) Latin American modernity. Nevertheless, the remnants of the latter constitute for Echeverría a possible counter-figure of the realistic ethos embodied by Whiteness. This is how his approach attempts to go beyond both Eurocentrism and the postmodern rejection of modernity, aiming to save the hope of a concrete universalism against the purely abstract universalism of capitalist modernity. (shrink)

Frente a las duras pandemias y condiciones insalubres, desde mediados del S. XIX comienza a desarrollarse una verdadera cooperación internacional por la seguridad sanitaria. En este sentido, en 1902 se crea la Oficina Sanitaria Internacional, la primera organización internacional de salud de la historia, pero de ámbito regional. Esta es la antecesora de la actual OPS (Organización Panamericana de Salud) y es el resultado de múltiples conferencias que se celebraron a nivel panamericano, en la Unión Internacional de Repúblicas Americanas, actual (...) OEA (Organización de Estados Americanos). En lo que respecta al ámbito universal, en parecidos términos desde 1851 a 1938, se celebraron 14 conferencias de Salud que permitieron fraguar una intensa, así como necesaria cooperación sanitaria universal. Es en este contexto en el que se promueve la adopción de los primeros tratados internacionales sanitarios y la creación de distintas organizaciones internacionales, como la Oficina Internacional de Higiene Pública en 1907, antecesora de la OMS. (shrink)

This article investigates the use of communication media for the development of cultural extension activities carried out by the Universidad de Antioquia and the Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana between 1935 and 1953. On the basis of critical reviews on diverse documentary sources, it is described and analyzed how both institutions, following national and international benchmarks, developed strategies such as the publication of journals and the creation of radio broadcast stations over the years, which became relevant tools to extend and amplify the (...) work carried out within their respective academic cloisters. The review of the Revista Universidad de Antioquia, the Revista Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana and the program bulletins and programming grids of Emisora ​​Cultural Universidad de Antioquia and Radio Bolivariana, allowed us to state that, through their stations, magazines and classrooms, both universities tried to give the city, the region and the country their version of what they understood by culture. In doing so, they faced their own limitations, mainly the weakness of their infrastructure and the scarcity of their resources to participate in an increasingly competitive, professional, diverse market that was heading in a decidedly commercial direction. Added to this were the tensions and contradictions inherent to projects of this type, which faced the challenge of disseminating cultural expressions that, paradoxically, were considered minority and, in that sense, hardly acceptable and enjoyable beyond the layers with a prolonged formal education. (shrink)

Considering the high impact strain that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has put on medical personnel worldwide, identifying means to alleviate stress on healthcare professionals and to boost their subjective and psychological wellbeing is more relevant than ever. This study investigates the extent to which the relationships between the status of working in healthcare and the subjective and psychological wellbeing are serially mediated by work recovery experiences and the need for recovery. Data were collected from 217 Romanian (...) employees using a cross-sectional design with self-report instruments, during the first stage of the nationwide lockdown. The results of the serial mediation analyses revealed that working in the medical field is indirectly related to subjective and psychological wellbeing through the following: mastery experiences and mastery experiences as an antecedent of the need for recovery. As such, our findings indicate that working in the medical field is, in fact, linked to healthcare professionals’ subjective and psychological wellbeing, and they provide some input on how recovery experiences and the need for recovery intervene in these relationships. Based on these findings, theoretical, methodological, and practical implications were suggested, and future research directions were proposed to maximize healthcare professionals’ wellbeing. (shrink)

The novel COVID-19 infection has spread all over the world and is still generating a lot of issues at different levels. There is a lack of control in disease early diagnosis and rapid evolution, which impacts both the medical and the economic system. Young gastroenterologists should adapt to overcome current difficulties and continue their life and general training. This is a multi-center national study, which aims to assess the general perspective of young gastroenterologists from six university centers in Romania regarding (...) their current training and the psychological effect the pandemic has on their life and job. An online survey with 58 items was distributed using Google Forms, and quality of life and anxiety were assessed. The validated instruments 15D and endler multidimensional anxiety scales were used. All analyses were performed using SPSS 25. Of the 174 gastroenterologists approached, 96 responded. A majority of the respondents were residents in gastroenterology, and 40.6% were male. The pandemic influenced the number of examined patients as well as young gastroenterologists’ endoscopy training. Health-related quality of life was negatively associated with the level of anxiety generated by the cognitive component of anxiety as a state, the new and ambiguity of the state, and how threatened the respondent felt. The level of anxiety was moderate, and no difference was found between the physicians working in a designated hospital or not. General caution should be considered for young gastroenterologists’ training, and continuous observation should be done to ensure better mental health on the current evolution. These findings would need to be verified in larger-sample studies and in different types of specialties. (shrink)

La renovación metodológica que impulsa el EEES implica un nuevo enfoque didáctico, dándole mayor importancia al aprendizaje motivacional que a la enseñanza. En este contexto, las metas vitales del alumnado y su actitud ante el aprendizaje son determinantes clave en su motivación. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar las orientaciones motivacionales y de aprendizaje de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales y Jurídicas de la Universidad de Jaén para proponer al profesorado actuaciones, procedimientos, tácticas, y recursos que (...) influyan favorablemente en la motivación del alumnado, impulsen la participación y asistencia a clase y contribuyan a un aprendizaje activo. (shrink)

Approximately 47 percent of women ages fifteen to forty‐four are currently without children, and slightly more than 20 percent of white women in America will never bear children, the highest percentage in modern history. Many fertile women who are childless are voluntarily so. Although any competent person twenty‐one years or older is legally eligible for voluntary sterilization, many doctors refuse to sterilize childfree women. This essay explores various reasons a woman would want to continue in her childfree lifestyle, evaluates the (...) accessibility of sterilization for women who are childfree by examining the reported reasons for denial of sterilization—both from the woman's and the physician's perspective—and assesses the legal status of voluntary sterilization for nonparous women. The essay also urges physicians to follow recommended guidelines for counseling women who, regardless of parity, desire sterilization and to provide this contraception if, after careful consideration, there are no outstanding health or other reasons that the procedure should not be performed. (shrink)

If laws and rights were to be understood cumulatively, as anamount of quantitative data, branches and specialties, we wouldnot have understood it properly. The understanding of law thatthe legal theory provides, is not reached until the law is seen asa complex whole, avoiding any kind of arbitrary simplifications.This comprehension of the law accepts it as plural and diverse,while unitary and organic. However, these plurality and diversitycan only be adequately appreciated in its true measure from itsunity and socio-historical organization.--.

Thinking with language as a complex practice for educators, advocates, and researchers in early childhood education is a necessary gesture for countering the anti-intellectualism that designates early childhood education as a service providing custodial care. Vitalizing Vocabulary insists that early childhood education in Canada must unsettle our inherited demand for technocratic, instrumental, and accessible relations with language. At the collision of research and practice, Nicole Land and Cristina Delgado Vintimilla propose that cultivating playful, speculative, inventive, accountable, and answerable relations (...) with words, concepts, and language is a critical move toward broadening early childhood education's intellectual and interdisciplinary horizons. The book is organized into four actions that activate pedagogical grammars: reading, writing, citing, and speaking. Each section plays with the purposes of a glossary by proposing language that we would work to erase, reclaim, and introduce. This situates language as an ethical, political, and creative pedagogical process that puts specific relations, curricula, and subjectivities into motion. Vitalizing Vocabulary ultimately envisions a project of early childhood education where students, educators, pedagogists, researchers, community, and others share a common commitment to creating responsive, meaningful, ethical, and political pedagogies. (shrink)

Fanny Bré was a volunteer nurse in the International Brigades, who fought in the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) on the side of the democratically elected Republican government. The objective of this study is to understand the relationship between Bré's antifascist ideas, her conception of care and the activities she carried out in the Spanish hospitals of Casa Roja (Murcia), Villa Paz (Selices, Cuenca) and Vic (Barcelona). We use narrative biography to describe Bré's personal, political and professional trajectory. To do so, (...) we conducted a content analysis of primary sources archived in Spain, Russia and France and secondary sources that emerged from a thorough literature review. We identified three thematic axes: (1) a concept of nursing in the service of the antifascist struggle, (2) nursing activity for high‐quality care and (3) political action for improving hospital organisation and care. The interest of Bré's texts transcends the war in Spain because, in them, Bré questions the neutrality of care by revealing that care can itself be a political act. (shrink)

This article deals with some aspects of the study of the mind between the 1920s and 1940s at the University of Paris. Traditionally the domain of philosophy, the study of the mind was encroached upon by other disciplines such as history of science, ethnology, sociology and psychology. These disciplines all had weak institutional status and were struggling to constitute themselves as autonomous. History of science did not as a rule reject its relationship with philosophy, whereas ethnology, sociology and psychology were (...) constructing their identities by breaking away from philosophy. A discussion about Lévy-Bruhl’s La mentalité primitive, hosted by the Société Française de Philosophie in 1923, showed that the positions of philosophers, sociologists and psychologists about the questions posed by the book, namely the fixity and universality of the mind, were strictly linked with their views about the ‘scientificity’ of ethnology. A compromise between fixity and historical transformation of the mind was put forward by Gaston Bachelard, who institutionally represented the discipline of history and philosophy of science. This discipline was institutionally linked to ethnology, psychology and sociology, but, unlike them, had no claim to ‘scientificity’. Bachelard realized this compromise by breaking the unity of the mind and by employing an extra-institutional discipline: psychoanalysis. His freedom of choice corresponded with an increasingly weak institutional position for the discipline of history and philosophy of science. (shrink)

The so-called gammadiae are symbols similar to letters whose specific meaning is unknown. It is currently believed that they could have originated among Hellenistic Jews, and been inherited by Christians, who adapted them to own needs. They seem to have indicated the holiness of the characters marked by them. Building on previous analysis and on the recent systematic cataloguing of the Early Christian catacombs of Rome, as well as a range of other artefacts, we examine two lesser known archaeological finds, (...) and finally consider some examples of gammadiae “of transition”, which appear during the Medieval period predominantly in manuscripts or in the mosaics of basilicas. These last symbols show differences from the Early Christian ones, even though they still appear systematically on the pallia of Christ, the martyrs, saints and other holy people. (shrink)

Miguel de Cervantes, no último capítulo de sua obra O engenhoso fidalgo Dom Quixote de La Mancha, retrata o falecimento de seu protagonista, decorrente de uma profunda tristeza. O cavaleiro, depois de vencido, sente-se obrigado a retornar ao seu povoado e a renunciar à cavalaria andante, o que lhe causa a transformação de sua realidade e de seu estado mental - da loucura à cordura -, além do seu direcionamento à morte. Assim como faz Cervantes no início do século XVII, (...) Espinosa, ao final do mesmo século, também parece estabelecer analogias entre as ideias de transformação e morte, ao apontar, em sua Ética, a relação entre a natureza do ser e sua proporção de movimento e repouso, responsável pelas inconstâncias humanas. A partir de tais considerações, este trabalho pretende aproximar o último capítulo da obra Dom Quixote à proposição 39 da Quarta Parte da Ética espinosana, de forma a ressaltar as devidas semelhanças entre o conceito de morte como transformação, retratado tanto pelo escritor espanhol quanto pelo filósofo holandês, uma vez que a morte, para ambos, demonstra estar vinculada à mesma ideia. (shrink)

Este artículo pretende generar claridades sobre el planteamiento sistémico, llevado a los universos de la escuela y la familia. Se plantean lugares de encuentro entre estos dos sistemas interconexionados por el pensamiento sistémico y la comunicación, rescatando que la escuela y la familia han sido determinantes en la configuración de subjetividades y sociedades. Estas reflexiones permiten concluir que las manifestaciones recíprocas de la familia y la escuela esculpen maneras de ser y de estar en el mundo.

According to the minimal version of the traditional analysis of knowledge, there are (at least) three necessary components to knowledge, that is, truth, belief and justification. In this paper we will argue that even in a global sceptical scenario, all three conditions minimally necessary for knowledge can be satisfied. In particular, we will focus on the justification requirement and analyse two “traditional” theories of justification, i.e., coherentism and foundationalism, as well as a more “innovative” one, i.e., reliabilism. Then, we will (...) conclude that if we want to continue to claim that, in a global sceptical scenario, a cognitive subject does not know (almost) anything, we should recognise that she may still have justified true beliefs, and we should, therefore, look elsewhere for the reasons why she lacks knowledge. (shrink)

The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is one of the best documented examples of contemporary biological evolution. Variability in the mechanisms of resistance depends on the diversity of genotypes in the huge bacterial populations, and also on the diversity of selective pressures that are produced along the antibiotic concentration gradients formed in the highly compartmentalized human body during therapy. These antibiotic gradients can be conceived as comprising selective compartments, each one of them defined as the concentration able to select (...) a particular genetic variant.In vitroexperimental models confirm that some antibiotic resistant variants are selected only at certain selective concentrations of antibiotics. The correspondence between selective compartments and selectable variants could offer a way of describing more accurately the antibiotic selective landscapes and for taking measures to prevent the development of a major threat to the future of modern medicine. (shrink)

Combines text with colorful photographs to chronicle the species of animals and plants that are biological relics of a bygone era.

Este artigo trata o tema da pandemia do vírus Covid 19 na perspectiva da psicanálise lacaniana nos seus três registros: simbólico, real e imaginário. Para fins de transmissão usaremos a topologia e referências aos matemas através da lógica da psicanálise.

Partiendo del conocimiento que los árabes tuvieron de los textos neoplatónicos atribuidos a Aristóteles, tales como la Pseudo-Teología y el Liber de Causis, la autora de este estudio investiga el posible conocimiento que Avicena tuvo de este último libro, conocido en el mundo árabe por el título de Kalam fi mahd al-hayr. Se apoya, para ello, en el análisis de cuatro pasajes de la Metafísica de la gran enciclopedia filosófica Al-Sifa ("La curación").

This article examines the conditions of internet access and uses by children and young people from socially disadvantaged environments in Portugal. Adapting the EU Kids Online questionnaire, a sample of 279 participants in an intervention program on digital inclusion was interviewed in order to analyze their online experiences, bearing in mind the EU Kids Online results and the wider debate on digital inclusion. This issue was examined at two levels: access, and practices and uses. Although economic deprivation, parents’ low educational (...) attainment and children’s age and gender seem to matter in terms of access, reported uses were analogous to the average Portuguese and EU Kids Online data. However, with these children apparently being more oriented towards entertainment and having less informational skills, it is questionable if policies that merely assure access are entirely sufficient. Nevertheless, one cannot say straightforwardly that ‘social exclusion’ equates ‘digital exclusion’. (shrink)

El artículo tiene como objetivo fundamental presentar el concepto de repetición bajo tres aspectos. El primero es su ubicación en el contexto de la existencia individual; el segundo, su carácter de exigencia de búsqueda de la libertad; y, finalmente, la consideración de la repetición como acontecimiento de la existencia. El recorrido del artículo revela así el tránsito que se emprende desde la importancia de la figura del lector en su profunda soledad; lector de la vida, de la prueba, de la (...) circunstancia, de lo ineludible; hasta la revelación de la existencia revestida en un acto mimético. Este recorrido aparece evidenciado porque se pone de relieve la preocupación humana no sólo por la existencia, sino por el sentido que ella adquiere frente a la posibilidad del mal desde lo particular, desde lo individual. En este orden de ideas, tras un seguimiento del concepto de repetición se pretende hacer evidente un interés que puede llamarse interés existencial y por ello filosófico: volver la cara hacia el individuo. (shrink)

En este artículo se intenta mostrar cómo es posible defender un punto de vista universalista y cognítivista en cuestiones morales sin tener que negar el pluralismo ético que caracteriza a las sociedades modernas. Para ello se analiza una dificultad que ha sido planteada recientemente a la ética del discurso de Habermas en relación con la posibilidad de compaginar ambas cosas. Si defender un universalismo moral implica defender lo que Habermas denomina "la premisa de una respuesta correcta» en relación con las (...) cuestiones morales, tal universalismo tiene que suponer, pues, que sólo puede haber una interpretación correcta de dichas cuestiones; si esto es así, el universalismo moral, en realidad, excluye el pluralismo como alternativa racional al acuerdo en cuestiones prácticas. Dicha dificultad puede evitarse, sin embargo, si se muestra que «la premisa de una respuesta correcta» no implica, en realidad, «la premisa de una única interpretación correcta». (shrink)

Any attempt to elucidate the interconnections between phenomenology and critical theory must at some point confront the question of what role Heidegger's philosophy plays in that equation. The historical or biographical side of the question is interesting in its own right and can be philosophically illuminating.1 My focus here, however, will be systematic. In particular, I would like to analyze the similarities and differences between Heidegger's hermeneutic transformation of phenomenology in Being and Time and Habermas's transformation of critical theory in (...) his Theory of Communicative Action. As a way of narrowing my focus, I will take as a guide the.. (shrink)